precompile/LLM.md

Lux Ecosystem - AI Assistant Documentation

Project Overview

This document provides comprehensive documentation for the Lux blockchain ecosystem, including the new DEX precompile system implementing Uniswap v4-style architecture natively at the EVM level.

GPU Acceleration

All crypto-heavy precompiles have GPU fast paths via github.com/luxfi/accel and github.com/luxfi/accel/ops/*. The pattern is:

1. Check accel.Available() or call accel/ops/<domain>.BatchVerify()
2. On success, use GPU result
3. On failure, fall back to CPU implementation

Already Wired (pre-existing)

• mldsa/ -- verifyGPU() via accel.LatticeOps.DilithiumVerify
• mlkem/ -- encapsulateGPU()/decapsulateGPU() via accel.LatticeOps.KyberEncaps/Decaps
• zk/ -- MSM in verifier.go via sess.ZK().MSM()
• threshold/ -- VerifyBatchSignatures() via accel/ops/crypto.BatchVerify

Newly Wired

• ed25519/ -- accelcrypto.BatchVerify(SigEd25519, ...) in Run()
• sr25519/ -- accelcrypto.BatchVerify(SigEd25519, ...) in Run(), CPU fallback to sr25519-donna
• slhdsa/ -- CPU only. SLH-DSA is hash-based (SPHINCS+ WOTS+/FORS/Merkle), there is no NTT in the verifier. A prior version dispatched to lattice.DilithiumVerify (a Module-LWE kernel for a completely different algorithm), which silently verified the wrong scheme on every GPU-enabled node. Removed; awaiting a real accel SLH-DSA kernel.
• frost/ -- accelcrypto.BatchVerify(SigECDSA, ...) for Schnorr verification
• cggmp21/ -- accelcrypto.BatchVerify(SigECDSA, ...) for ECDSA verification
• corona/ -- accellattice.NTTForward() for polynomial deserialization (Ring-LWE threshold; renamed from Corona in LP-4200)
• blake3/ -- accelcrypto.Hash(HashBlake3, ...) for hash256 and Merkle tree batch hashing
• fhe/ -- accelfhe.Add/Sub/Multiply in performFHEOperation() GPU fast path

New: DEX Precompiles (Uniswap v4-Style)

Architecture Overview

The Lux DEX precompiles implement a Uniswap v4-style decentralized exchange as native EVM precompiles, providing:

• Singleton Architecture: All pools live in a single precompile contract at 0x0400
• Flash Accounting: Token transfers are netted at the end of each transaction
• Hooks System: Modular contracts for custom pool logic (dynamic fees, MEV protection, limit orders)
• Native LUX Support: No wrapping needed - trade native LUX directly
• HFT Optimized: Sub-microsecond execution for high-frequency trading

Performance Benchmarks (M1 Max)

Operation	Latency	Throughput	Memory
Swap	2.26μs	443K ops/sec	888 B/op
ModifyLiquidity	2.87μs	348K ops/sec	840 B/op
PoolKeyID	439ns	2.7M ops/sec	0 B/op
HookPermission	0.45ns	2.2B ops/sec	0 B/op

Precompile Addresses

Component	Address	Description
PoolManager	0x0400	Singleton pool manager with flash accounting
SwapRouter	0x0401	Optimized swap routing
HooksRegistry	0x0402	Hook contract registry
FlashLoan	0x0403	Flash loan facility

Directory Structure

/Users/z/work/lux/
├── precompiles/
│   ├── ai/                    # AI Mining precompile (0x0300)
│   │   ├── ai_mining.go       # ML-DSA signatures, NVTrust verification
│   │   └── ai_mining_test.go  # Comprehensive tests
│   └── dex/                   # DEX precompiles (0x0400-0x04FF)
│       ├── types.go           # Core types (Currency, PoolKey, BalanceDelta)
│       ├── pool_manager.go    # Singleton PoolManager implementation
│       ├── hooks.go           # Hooks system for custom pool logic
│       ├── pool_manager_test.go
│       ├── hooks_test.go
│       ├── lending.go         # Lending protocol (Alchemist)
│       └── transmuter.go      # Stablecoin transmuter
├── solidity/dex/              # Solidity interfaces for EVM contracts
│   ├── IPoolManager.sol       # PoolManager interface (0x0400)
│   ├── IHooks.sol             # Hooks interface with BaseHook
│   ├── IERC20Minimal.sol      # Minimal ERC20 interface
│   └── Types.sol              # Shared type definitions
└── dex/                       # Symlink to /Users/z/work/lx/dex (standalone CLOB DEX)

Core Types

Currency

type Currency struct {
    Address common.Address  // address(0) = native LUX
}

PoolKey

type PoolKey struct {
    Currency0   Currency       // Lower address token (sorted)
    Currency1   Currency       // Higher address token (sorted)
    Fee         uint24         // Fee in basis points (3000 = 0.30%)
    TickSpacing int24          // Tick spacing for concentrated liquidity
    Hooks       common.Address // Hook contract (address(0) = no hooks)
}

BalanceDelta

type BalanceDelta struct {
    Amount0 *big.Int  // Positive = user owes pool
    Amount1 *big.Int  // Negative = pool owes user
}

Flash Accounting Pattern

Flash accounting allows multiple operations within a transaction, with token transfers netted at the end:

// 1. Acquire lock
IPoolManager.lock(callbackData);

// Inside callback:
// 2. Execute operations (swap, addLiquidity, etc.)
BalanceDelta delta = poolManager.swap(key, params, hookData);

// 3. Settle deltas (pay what you owe, receive what you're owed)
poolManager.settle(currency0, amount0);  // Pay pool
poolManager.take(currency1, recipient, amount1);  // Receive from pool

// 4. Verify all deltas net to zero (automatic)

Hooks System

Hook capabilities are encoded in the hook contract address (first 2 bytes):

Bit	Flag	Description
0	BeforeInitialize	Called before pool creation
1	AfterInitialize	Called after pool creation
2	BeforeAddLiquidity	Called before adding liquidity
3	AfterAddLiquidity	Called after adding liquidity
4	BeforeRemoveLiquidity	Called before removing liquidity
5	AfterRemoveLiquidity	Called after removing liquidity
6	BeforeSwap	Called before swap (can modify fee)
7	AfterSwap	Called after swap (can modify delta)
8	BeforeDonate	Called before donation
9	AfterDonate	Called after donation
10	BeforeFlash	Called before flash loan
11	AfterFlash	Called after flash loan

Example hook implementations:

• Dynamic Fees: Adjust fees based on volatility
• TWAP Oracle: Built-in time-weighted average price
• Limit Orders: On-chain limit orders executed at tick
• MEV Protection: Commit-reveal scheme to prevent front-running

Key Advantages Over Traditional DEX

1. Gas Efficiency

   • Pool creation: ~99% cheaper (no separate contract deployment)
   • Multi-hop swaps: Single transaction, netted transfers
   • Native precompile execution: No EVM overhead

2. Unified Liquidity

   • All pools in singleton contract
   • Global liquidity across all Lux chains
   • Cross-chain swaps via Warp messaging

3. Native Token Support

   • Trade native LUX without wrapping
   • Saves gas on wrap/unwrap operations
   • Better UX for users

4. HFT Capability

   • 430K swaps/sec throughput
   • 2.3μs latency per swap
   • Zero-allocation hot paths

Complete Precompile Registry (v0.3.0)

Address Ranges

Canonical (LP-4200): the unified PQCrypto precompile block at 0x012201..0x012204 is authoritative — ML-KEM 0x012201, ML-DSA 0x012202, SLH-DSA 0x012203, Pulsar 0x012204 (threshold ML-DSA, FIPS 204 byte-equal). All four are IMPLEMENTED; Pulsar lives in precompile/pulsar/ and dispatches to luxfi/crypto/mldsa under the hood. The 0x0600 (Post-Quantum) and 0x0800 (Threshold) ranges below are the legacy per-VM mapping; new code MUST target the unified block. See ~/work/lux/evm/LLM.md for the canonical per-feature address table.

Range	Category	Description
0x0001-0x00FF	Standard EVM	ECRECOVER, SHA256, BN254, BLS12-381
0x0100-0x01FF	Warp/Teleport	Cross-chain messaging
0x0200-0x02FF	Chain Config	Lux EVM style (AllowLists, FeeManager)
0x0300-0x03FF	AI/ML	Mining, NVTrust, ModelRegistry
0x0400-0x04FF	DEX	Uniswap v4-style AMM, Lending, Perps
0x0500-0x05FF	Graph/Query	GraphQL, Subscriptions, Cache
0x0600-0x06FF	Post-Quantum (legacy)	superseded by LP-4200 0x012201..0x012204
0x0700-0x07FF	Privacy	FHE, ECIES, Ring, HPKE
0x0800-0x08FF	Threshold (legacy)	superseded by LP-4200 unified block
0x0900-0x09FF	ZK Proofs	KZG, Groth16, PLONK
0x0A00-0x0AFF	Curves	P-256 (secp256r1)

All Precompiles by Package

ai/ - AI Mining (0x0300-0x03FF)

Address	Name	Description	Gas
0x0300	AI_MINING	ML-DSA signature verification, rewards	100,000
0x0301	NV_TRUST	GPU TEE attestation (NVTrust)	50,000
0x0302	MODEL_REGISTRY	AI model registration/verification	25,000

dex/ - DEX Operations (0x0400-0x04FF)

Address	Name	Description	Gas
0x0400	POOL_MANAGER	Singleton pool manager (Uniswap v4)	50,000
0x0401	SWAP_ROUTER	Optimized swap routing	10,000
0x0402	HOOKS_REGISTRY	Custom hook contracts	3,000
0x0403	FLASH_LOAN	Flash loan facility	5,000
0x0410	LENDING_POOL	Supply/borrow with collateral	15,000
0x0411	INTEREST_RATE	Dynamic interest rate curves	5,000
0x0412	LIQUIDATOR	Liquidation engine	50,000
0x0420	PERP_ENGINE	Perpetuals (up to 1111x leverage)	25,000
0x0421	FUNDING_RATE	Funding rate calculation	10,000
0x0422	INSURANCE_FUND	Insurance and ADL	20,000
0x0430	LIQUID_VAULT	Self-repaying loans (90% LTV)	20,000
0x0431	LIQUID_FX	L* token to underlying conversion	25,000
0x0432	LIQUID_TOKEN	Liquid token registry (LUSD, LETH)	5,000
0x0433	YIELD_ROUTER	Yield strategy routing	30,000
0x0440	TELEPORT_BRIDGE	Cross-chain transfer engine	50,000
0x0441	OMNICHAIN_ROUTER	Multi-chain liquidity routing	40,000

graph/ - Query Layer (0x0500-0x05FF)

Address	Name	Description	Gas
0x0500	GRAPHQL_QUERY	Unified GraphQL interface	5,000
0x0501	GRAPH_SUBSCRIBE	Event subscriptions	10,000
0x0502	GRAPH_CACHE	Query result caching	2,000
0x0503	GRAPH_INDEX	Index management	15,000

Post-Quantum Crypto (0x0600-0x06FF)

Address	Name	Package	Description	Gas
0x0600	ML_DSA	mldsa/	NIST ML-DSA signatures (ML-DSA)	50,000
0x0601	ML_KEM	mlkem/	NIST ML-KEM key encapsulation	25,000
0x0602	SLH_DSA	slhdsa/	Stateless hash-based signatures	75,000
0x0603	PQ_CRYPTO	pqcrypto/	Multi-PQ operations	30,000
0x0604	QUASAR	quasar/	Quantum consensus verification	100,000

Privacy/Encryption (0x0700-0x07FF)

Address	Name	Package	Description	Gas
0x0700	FHE	fhe/	Fully Homomorphic Encryption	500,000
0x0701	ECIES	ecies/	Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption	25,000
0x0702	RING	ring/	Ring signatures (anonymity)	50,000
0x0703	HPKE	hpke/	Hybrid Public Key Encryption	20,000

Threshold Signatures (0x0800-0x08FF)

Address	Name	Package	Description	Gas
0x0800	FROST	frost/	Schnorr threshold signatures	25,000
0x0801	CGGMP21	cggmp21/	ECDSA threshold signatures	50,000
0x0802	CORONA	Corona/	Threshold lattice signatures (PQ)	75,000

ZK Proofs (0x0900-0x09FF)

Address	Name	Package	Description	Gas
0x0900	KZG_4844	kzg4844/	KZG commitments (EIP-4844)	50,000
0x0901	GROTH16	(planned)	Groth16 ZK verifier	200,000
0x0902	PLONK	(planned)	PLONK ZK verifier	250,000

VRF (0x3213)

Address	Name	Package	Description	Gas
0x3213	ECVRF_VERIFY	vrf/	ECVRF-EDWARDS25519-SHA512-ELL2 verify (RFC 9381)	20,000
0x3213	ECVRF_PROOF_TO_HASH	vrf/	Extract beta from verified proof	1,000

Curves (0x0A00-0x0AFF)

Address	Name	Package	Description	Gas
0x0A00	P256_VERIFY	secp256r1/	secp256r1/P-256 verification	3,450

Chain-Specific Precompile Activation

Chain	Precompiles Enabled
C-Chain	ALL (full feature set)
Z-Chain (Zoo)	Warp, PoolManager, SwapRouter, AIMining, GraphQL
D-Chain (DEX)	Warp, Full DEX suite, GraphQL
K-Chain (Keys)	Warp, PQ Crypto, Privacy, Threshold, GraphQL
Q-Chain (Quantum)	Warp, Full PQ suite, Pulsar, GraphQL
B-Chain (Bridge)	Warp, TeleportBridge, GraphQL

Missing from Z-Chain (Zoo) for Full Integration

Current Z-Chain precompiles are limited. To enable full native chain functionality:

Feature	Missing Precompiles	Priority
Bridge	TeleportBridge (0x0440), OmnichainRouter (0x0441)	HIGH
Threshold	FROST (0x0800), CGGMP21 (0x0801), Pulsar (0x0802)	HIGH
FHE	FHE (0x0700), ECIES (0x0701)	MEDIUM
Full DEX	HooksRegistry, FlashLoan, LendingPool, PerpEngine	MEDIUM
PQ Crypto	ML-DSA (0x0600), ML-KEM (0x0601)	LOW

Standard Precompiles (Lux EVM)

Address	Name	Description
0x0200...01	DeployerAllowList	Contract deployment permissions
0x0200...02	TxAllowList	Transaction permissions
0x0200...03	FeeManager	Dynamic fee configuration
0x0200...04	NativeMinter	Native token minting
0x0200...05	RewardManager	Validator rewards

FHE Sub-Addresses

Address	Name	Description
0x0200...80	FHE_CONTRACT	Main FHE operations
0x0200...81	FHE_ACL	Access control for ciphertexts
0x0200...82	FHE_INPUT_VERIFIER	Input verification
0x0200...83	FHE_GATEWAY	Gateway for external interactions

Testing

Run DEX precompile tests:

go test -v github.com/luxfi/precompiles/dex

# Run benchmarks
go test -bench=. -benchmem github.com/luxfi/precompiles/dex

All 68 tests passing with comprehensive coverage:

• Pool initialization
• Swap operations
• Liquidity management
• Flash accounting
• Hook permissions
• Balance delta operations
• Lending protocol (Alchemist)
• Transmuter stablecoin

Integration with LX DEX

The precompile DEX complements the standalone LX DEX at /Users/z/work/lx/dex:

Feature	LX DEX (Standalone CLOB)	DEX Precompiles (AMM)
Architecture	Separate service	Native EVM
Order Type	Central Limit Order Book	Automated Market Maker
Use Case	Professional trading, HFT	Liquidity pools, swaps
Deployment	Docker/K8s	Built into chain

The precompile AMM approach is ideal for:

• AMM-style liquidity pools
• Cross-chain unified liquidity
• Composability with other contracts
• Simple integration for dApps

The standalone LX DEX (CLOB) is ideal for:

• Central limit orderbook
• Professional trading
• Ultra-low latency requirements
• High-frequency market making

Future Work

1. Integration with Lux EVM

   • Register precompiles in EVM config
   • Add to genesis block configuration
   • Cross-chain liquidity via Warp

2. Advanced Hooks

   • Concentrated liquidity ranges
   • Automated position management
   • Oracle integrations

3. Performance Optimization

   • SIMD operations for batch processing
   • Memory-mapped state for hot data
   • Assembly-optimized math

Recent Improvements (v1.1.0)

Critical Bug Fixes

1. Currency Sorting Fix: Changed from Hex() string comparison to bytes.Compare() for correct address ordering
2. Tick Math Implementation: Replaced placeholder with binary search-based tick calculation using lookup tables
3. Reentrancy Protection: Added mutex-based reentrancy guard in Lock() function
4. Division by Zero Protection: Added liquidity validation in Donate() to prevent panic

Solidity Interface Optimization

• BalanceDelta: Converted from struct to packed int256 user-defined type (saves 1 storage slot)
• Custom Errors: Using custom errors instead of strings (~50 gas savings per revert)
• File-level Constants: Hook flags as file-level constants for better gas efficiency
• Library Functions: BalanceDeltaLib for packed delta operations
• Reduced Code Size: IPoolManager.sol -35%, IHooks.sol -58%

Architecture Enhancements

• Added sync.RWMutex for concurrent access protection
• Implemented tickToSqrtPriceX96() for bidirectional tick/price conversion
• Added ErrReentrant and ErrNoLiquidity errors

---

Last Updated: 2025-12-31 Version: 0.3.0 Test Status: 14 packages passing

---

Block Import: RLP Chain Data

Overview

Lux supports importing historical blocks from RLP exports using the CLI's chain import command, which uses the geth admin_importChain API internally.

RLP Data Files

Block data is stored in RLP format at ~/work/lux/state/rlp/:

Chain	File	Size	Blocks
Lux Mainnet	lux-mainnet/lux-mainnet-96369.rlp	1.2GB	~1M
Lux Testnet	lux-testnet/lux-testnet-96368.rlp	695KB	~219
Zoo Mainnet	zoo-mainnet/zoo-mainnet-200200.rlp	1.3MB	-
Zoo Testnet	zoo-testnet/zoo-testnet-200201.rlp	156KB	-

Genesis Hashes

Network	Chain ID	Genesis Hash
Lux Mainnet	96369	0x3f4fa2a0b0ce089f52bf0ae9199c75ffdd76ecafc987794050cb0d286f1ec61e
Lux Testnet	96368	0x1c5fe37764b8bc146dc88bc1c2e0259cd8369b07a06439bcfa1782b5d4fb0995
Zoo Mainnet	200200	0x7c548af47de27560779ccc67dda32a540944accc71dac3343da3b9cd18f14933
Zoo Testnet	200201	0x0652fb2fde1460544a5893e5eba5095ff566861cbc87fcb1c73be2b81d6d1979

Import via CLI

# Import blocks to C-Chain
lux chain import --rlp ~/work/lux/state/rlp/lux-mainnet/lux-mainnet-96369.rlp

Header Format: 17-field Lux Format

Lux mainnet uses 17-field headers:

• 15 core Ethereum fields
• BaseFee (field 16)
• ExtDataHash (field 17)

The geth fork's DecodeHeader supports multi-format decoding (15-24 fields) to handle this.

---

Coreth/LuxEVM Header Format Fix (2024-12-17)

Problem

When importing blocks from coreth/evm chaindata via RLP export, block validation failed with:

invalid blockGasCost: have <nil>, want 0

Root Cause

RLP field order mismatch between coreth and geth header formats:

Position	Coreth Format	Geth Format
15	ExtDataHash (REQUIRED)	BaseFee (optional)
16	BaseFee (optional)	ExtDataHash (optional)
17	ExtDataGasUsed (optional)	ExtDataGasUsed (optional)
18	BlockGasCost (optional)	BlockGasCost (optional)

When geth decodes a coreth-exported header, it interprets ExtDataHash as BaseFee and vice versa, causing BlockGasCost to not be decoded properly.

Solution

Added coreth-compatible header structs in /Users/z/work/lux/geth/core/types/decode.go:

// hdr19coreth - Coreth 19-field format
type hdr19coreth struct {
    // ... 15 core fields ...
    ExtDataHash    common.Hash  // Position 15 - VALUE TYPE (required in coreth)
    BaseFee        *big.Int     // Position 16
    ExtDataGasUsed *big.Int     // Position 17
    BlockGasCost   *big.Int     // Position 18
}

Updated decode19() to try coreth format first, then fall back to geth formats.

Files Modified

• /Users/z/work/lux/geth/core/types/decode.go
  • Added: hdr17coreth, hdr18coreth, hdr19coreth structs
  • Modified: decode17(), decode18(), decode19() functions
• /Users/z/work/lux/geth/core/types/block_test.go
  • Added: TestDecodeCoreth19FieldFormat

Verification

cd ~/work/lux/geth && go test -v ./core/types/... -run "TestDecodeCoreth19FieldFormat"
# --- PASS: TestDecodeCoreth19FieldFormat (0.00s)

Import Workflow Script

Created /Users/z/work/lux/scripts/cchain-import.sh for the full export/import pipeline:

# 1. Export blocks from coreth chaindata
./cchain-import.sh export <coreth-chaindata> /tmp/blocks.rlp

# 2. Import RLP to geth
./cchain-import.sh import /tmp/blocks.rlp /tmp/geth-import

# 3. Import to luxd C-Chain
./cchain-import.sh luxd /tmp/geth-import/geth/chaindata

---

LP Documentation - Network Upgrade Mapping

Created LP-99 (/Users/z/work/lux/lps/LPs/lp-0099-cchain-upgrade-mapping.md) documenting:

• All C-Chain upgrades (Apricot 1-6, Banff, Cortina, Durango, Quasar, Fortuna, Granite)
• Mapping to Ethereum hard forks
• Associated LP numbers for each upgrade
• Header format evolution across upgrades
• Genesis configuration fields

Tools Created

NodeID Calculator

/tmp/nodeid-tool - Calculates NodeID from staker TLS certificate:

/tmp/nodeid-tool <staker.crt>
# Output: NodeID-FrtEjhat6RUqjEWCJgYZKqBaxY2Woyy5G

Genesis Tool

/tmp/genesis-tool (from ~/work/lux/genesis) - Generates proper genesis files:

# From mnemonic
LUX_MNEMONIC="test test..." /tmp/genesis-tool -network-id 96369 -validators 5 -output genesis.json

# From existing keys
/tmp/genesis-tool -network mainnet -keys-dir ~/.lux/keys -output genesis.json

Genesis Fix Tool

/tmp/fix-genesis (from ~/work/lux/genesis/tools/fix_genesis.go) - Regenerates genesis with correct bech32 addresses:

/tmp/fix-genesis \
  -validators /Users/z/work/lux/mainnet/validators \
  -cchain /Users/z/work/lux/genesis/configs/mainnet/cchain.json \
  -output genesis_mainnet.json

---

Bech32 Address Checksum Fix (2025-12-17)

Problem

Genesis addresses had invalid bech32 checksums, causing validation errors:

invalid lux address P-lux18jma8ppw3nhx5r4ap8clazz0dps7rv5u00z96u:
invalid checksum (expected (bech32=v98e28, bech32m=v98e28eeh409), got 00z96u)

Root Cause

The CLI's genesis.go was computing bech32 checksums incorrectly:

• Wrong: formatBech32("P-lux", shortID) - includes chain prefix in HRP
• Correct: Compute bech32 with just "lux", then prepend "P-"

The node's address.Format() correctly separates chain prefix from HRP:

// address.Format("P", "lux", addr) produces "P-lux1..."
// The bech32 checksum is computed using only "lux", not "P-lux"

Fix Applied

1. CLI genesis.go (/Users/z/work/lux/cli/cmd/keycmd/genesis.go):

   • Added formatLuxAddress(chainPrefix, hrp, data) that correctly separates chain prefix from HRP
   • Updated P-Chain and X-Chain address generation to use the new function

2. Genesis package (/Users/z/work/lux/genesis/pkg/genesis/types.go):

   • Already had correct implementation via formatBech32WithChain()
   • Added comprehensive tests in types_test.go

Correct Mainnet Addresses (Network ID: 96369)

Validator	NodeID	P-Chain Address
Node 1	NodeID-FrtEjhat6RUqjEWCJgYZKqBaxY2Woyy5G	P-lux1ck0t9h5u7jvvzhx29n99guqjsfkpzt67wgx7wg
Node 2	NodeID-9hq49qGVZN7M7tXxdpF3AqptQGdmPCFnQ	P-lux1dclruwcn9ug8u0jjk3ukh676jr3lsy4er9m3l5
Node 3	NodeID-8osEnSC4LQFdG1LMit12CBsE6BfKGHNAw	P-lux1qdv9zns0gpfesw0h28jqp2up6h77du2damqf88
Node 4	NodeID-MrdgTgPuddyo7anomKr4akMcoKzVKcgbG	P-lux1jjs4nx7ul4d6pnsjtpv2khzu8p4yctegvass46
Node 5	NodeID-Mgd5yHs4pe6qRjkBcW5Y7oqHA51j4afcC	P-lux1970ngvf6s6rsndrkvjzr6lfvf2tdl30529c435

C-Chain Genesis (Preserved)

• Path: /Users/z/work/lux/genesis/configs/mainnet/cchain.json
• Genesis Hash: 0x3f4fa2a0b0ce089f52bf0ae9199c75ffdd76ecafc987794050cb0d286f1ec61e
• State Root: 0x2d1cedac263020c5c56ef962f6abe0da1f5217bdc6468f8c9258a0ea23699e80
• Chain ID: 96369
• Treasury Address: 0x9011E888251AB053B7bD1cdB598Db4f9DEd94714

Verification

# Run address tests
cd ~/work/lux/genesis && go test -v ./pkg/genesis/... -run TestBech32

# Verify address parsing
cat genesis.json | jq -r '.initialStakers[].rewardAddress' | while read addr; do
  # address.Parse should succeed for all addresses
done

Files Modified

• /Users/z/work/lux/cli/cmd/keycmd/genesis.go - Fixed bech32 address generation
• /Users/z/work/lux/genesis/pkg/genesis/types_test.go - Added address validation tests
• /Users/z/work/lux/genesis/tools/fix_genesis.go - Tool to regenerate genesis
• /Users/z/work/lux/mainnet/genesis_mainnet.json - Updated with correct addresses

---

Local Network Deployment (2025-12-24)

Overview

Deploy complete Lux networks locally with C-Chain and Zoo EVM chains, then import historical blocks.

Network Configuration

Network	Network ID	HTTP Base Port	ZAP Port	Staking Port
Mainnet	1	9630	8369	9631
Testnet	2	9640	8368	9641
Devnet	5	9650	8370	9651
Custom	-	9660	8371	9661

Chain Configuration

Chain	Network	Chain ID	VMID
C-Chain Mainnet	Mainnet	96369	mgj786NP7uDwBCcq6YwThhaN8FLyybkCa4zBWTQbNgmK6k9A6
C-Chain Testnet	Testnet	96368	mgj786NP7uDwBCcq6YwThhaN8FLyybkCa4zBWTQbNgmK6k9A6
Zoo Mainnet	Mainnet	200200	ag3GReYPNuSR17rUP8acMdZipQBikdXNRKDyFszAysmy3vDXE
Zoo Testnet	Testnet	200201	ag3GReYPNuSR17rUP8acMdZipQBikdXNRKDyFszAysmy3vDXE

RLP Data Files

Chain	File Path	Size	Blocks	Notes
C-Chain Mainnet	~/work/lux/state/rlp/lux-mainnet/lux-mainnet-96369.rlp	1.2GB	~700k	Single combined file
C-Chain Mainnet	~/work/lux/state/rlp/lux-mainnet/lux-mainnet-96369.part.*	2.4GB total	~700k	7 split parts (100MB each)
C-Chain Testnet	~/work/lux/state/rlp/lux-testnet/lux-testnet-96368.rlp	695KB	218	Single file
Zoo Mainnet	~/work/lux/state/rlp/zoo-mainnet/zoo-mainnet-200200.rlp	1.3MB	799	Single file
Zoo Testnet	~/work/lux/state/rlp/zoo-testnet/zoo-testnet-200201.rlp	156KB	84	Single file

Deployment Steps

1. Start Networks

# Start Testnet (5 nodes on ports 9640-9648)
lux network start --testnet

# Start Mainnet (5 nodes on ports 9630-9638)
lux network start --mainnet

2. Create Zoo Chains

Testnet (zootest):

# Create chain config from genesis
mkdir -p ~/.lux/chains/zootest
cp ~/work/lux/genesis/configs/zoo-testnet/genesis.json ~/.lux/chains/zootest/genesis.json

# Create sidecar.json
cat > ~/.lux/chains/zootest/sidecar.json << 'EOF'
{
    "Name": "zootest",
    "VM": "Lux EVM",
    "VMID": "ag3GReYPNuSR17rUP8acMdZipQBikdXNRKDyFszAysmy3vDXE",
    "VMVersion": "v0.8.0",
    "RPCVersion": 42,
    "TokenName": "ZOO",
    "TokenSymbol": "ZOO",
    "ChainID": "200201",
    "Version": "1.4.0"
}
EOF

# Deploy to testnet
lux chain deploy zootest --testnet

Mainnet (zoo):

# Create chain config from genesis
mkdir -p ~/.lux/chains/zoo
cp ~/work/lux/genesis/configs/zoo-mainnet/genesis.json ~/.lux/chains/zoo/genesis.json

# Create sidecar.json
cat > ~/.lux/chains/zoo/sidecar.json << 'EOF'
{
    "Name": "zoo",
    "VM": "Lux EVM",
    "VMID": "ag3GReYPNuSR17rUP8acMdZipQBikdXNRKDyFszAysmy3vDXE",
    "VMVersion": "v0.8.0",
    "RPCVersion": 42,
    "TokenName": "ZOO",
    "TokenSymbol": "ZOO",
    "ChainID": "200200",
    "Version": "1.4.0"
}
EOF

# Deploy to mainnet
lux chain deploy zoo --mainnet

3. Import Blocks

Import order: Testnet C-Chain → Zootest → Zoo → Mainnet C-Chain (last, largest)

# Import C-Chain testnet blocks (fast, ~218 blocks)
curl -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"admin_importChain","params":["'$HOME'/work/lux/state/rlp/lux-testnet/lux-testnet-96368.rlp"],"id":1}' \
  http://127.0.0.1:9642/ext/bc/C/rpc

# Import zootest blocks (84 blocks)
# First get the blockchain ID
ZOOTEST_ID=$(curl -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"platform.getBlockchains","params":{},"id":1}' \
  http://127.0.0.1:9642/ext/bc/P | jq -r '.result.blockchains[] | select(.name=="zootest") | .id')

curl -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"admin_importChain","params":["'$HOME'/work/lux/state/rlp/zoo-testnet/zoo-testnet-200201.rlp"],"id":1}' \
  http://127.0.0.1:9642/ext/bc/${ZOOTEST_ID}/rpc

# Import zoo mainnet blocks (799 blocks)
ZOO_ID=$(curl -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"platform.getBlockchains","params":{},"id":1}' \
  http://127.0.0.1:9632/ext/bc/P | jq -r '.result.blockchains[] | select(.name=="zoo") | .id')

curl -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"admin_importChain","params":["'$HOME'/work/lux/state/rlp/zoo-mainnet/zoo-mainnet-200200.rlp"],"id":1}' \
  http://127.0.0.1:9632/ext/bc/${ZOO_ID}/rpc

# Import C-Chain mainnet blocks (LAST - ~700k blocks, runs in background)
curl -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"admin_importChain","params":["'$HOME'/work/lux/state/rlp/lux-mainnet/lux-mainnet-96369.rlp"],"id":1}' \
  http://127.0.0.1:9632/ext/bc/C/rpc

4. Verify Import Progress

# Check C-Chain block height
curl -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_blockNumber","params":[],"id":1}' \
  http://127.0.0.1:9632/ext/bc/C/rpc | jq -r '.result' | xargs printf "%d\n"

# Check logs for import progress
tail -f ~/.lux/runs/mainnet/run_*/node1/db/mainnet/main.log | grep -E "(Inserted|Imported)"

Run Directories

Network	Run Directory
Testnet	~/.lux/runs/testnet/run_YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS/
Mainnet	~/.lux/runs/mainnet/run_YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS/

Successful Deployment State (2025-12-24)

TESTNET (ports 9640-9648):
  C-Chain (96368): 218 blocks
  Zootest (200201): 84 blocks

MAINNET (ports 9630-9638):
  Zoo (200200): 799 blocks
  C-Chain (96369): ~700k blocks (import completed)

Key Notes

1. Network Flags Required: Always use --mainnet or --testnet to target correct network
2. Import Runs in Background: The admin_importChain call returns immediately; import continues in background
3. Genesis Must Match: Block import requires exact genesis match (state root must be accessible)
4. C-Chain Import Speed: ~700-1000 blocks/sec on M1 Max
5. EVM Plugin: Shared VMID ag3GReYPNuSR17rUP8acMdZipQBikdXNRKDyFszAysmy3vDXE for all Lux EVM chains

---

Docker Compose Stacks (2025-12-24)

Overview

Two Docker Compose stacks for running the Lux ecosystem:

Stack	Purpose	Location
stack	Public developer stack	/Users/z/work/lux/stack/
universe	Internal production stack	/Users/z/work/lux/universe/

Stack (Public Developer Ecosystem)

Complete developer ecosystem for running Lux locally:

# Start full stack
docker compose up -d

# With dev tools (adminer, redis-commander, mailhog)
docker compose --profile dev up -d

# With P/X chain indexers
docker compose --profile indexers up -d

Services:

Service	Port	Description
node	9650	Lux blockchain node
explorer	4000	Blockscout explorer
exchange	3000	DEX frontend
exchange-api	3010	DEX backend
marketplace	3001	NFT marketplace
bridge	3002	Cross-chain bridge UI
finance	3003	DeFi platform
wallet	3004	Web wallet
graph-node	8000	Subgraph indexing
ipfs	5001/8081	Decentralized storage
redis	6380	Cache layer

Files:

• compose.yml - Main production config
• compose.dev.yml - Development overlay with hot-reload
• compose-minimal.yml - Just node + redis
• .env.example - Environment configuration

Universe (Production Mainnet)

Full 5-node validator network with production configuration:

# Start mainnet (5 validators)
docker compose up -d

# Add explorers for Zoo/Hanzo chains
docker compose --profile explorers up -d

# Add subgraph indexing
docker compose --profile graph up -d

# Add P/X chain indexers
docker compose --profile indexers up -d

# Add bridge infrastructure
docker compose --profile bridge up -d

# Add frontend UIs
docker compose --profile ui up -d

Validator NodeIDs:

Node	NodeID	Port
1 (Bootstrap)	NodeID-FrtEjhat6RUqjEWCJgYZKqBaxY2Woyy5G	9630
2	NodeID-9hq49qGVZN7M7tXxdpF3AqptQGdmPCFnQ	9660
3	NodeID-8osEnSC4LQFdG1LMit12CBsE6BfKGHNAw	9670
4	NodeID-MrdgTgPuddyo7anomKr4akMcoKzVKcgbG	9680
5	NodeID-Mgd5yHs4pe6qRjkBcW5Y7oqHA51j4afcC	9690

Explorers:

Chain	Chain ID	Port
LUX C-Chain	96369	4010
Zoo Network	200200	4011
Hanzo AI Chain	36963	4012

Network: lux-network (172.30.0.0/16)

Files:

• compose.yml - Main production config
• .env.example - Environment configuration
• docker/init.sql - PostgreSQL database initialization

Key Differences

Feature	Stack	Universe
Nodes	1	5 (validators)
Explorers	1 (C-Chain)	3 (LUX, Zoo, Hanzo)
Use Case	Development	Production
Network	Single node	Full consensus

---

Fortuna Timestamp Fix & Complete RLP Import (2025-12-25)

Problem: Gas Limit Mismatch on Block Import

When importing Zoo chain blocks, the import failed with:

invalid gas limit: have 12000000, want 10000000

Root Cause

The Zoo genesis files had fortunaTimestamp: 0 which activates the Fortuna upgrade from block 0. With Fortuna active, VerifyGasLimit() in /Users/z/work/lux/coreth/plugin/evm/header/gas_limit.go uses state.MaxCapacity() which returns 10,000,000 based on fee state calculation.

However, the original Zoo chain blocks were created with gasLimit 12,000,000 (under Cortina rules, not Fortuna).

Solution

Set Fortuna, Quasar, and Granite timestamps to far-future (253399622400) instead of 0:

{
  "config": {
    "durangoBlockTimestamp": 0,
    "quasarTimestamp": 253399622400,
    "fortunaTimestamp": 253399622400,
    "graniteTimestamp": 253399622400
  }
}

This keeps Cortina active (which accepts 12M, 8M, or 15M gas limits) while deferring Fortuna upgrade.

Files Modified

• /Users/z/.lux/chains/zoo/genesis.json
• /Users/z/.lux/chains/zootest/genesis.json
• /Users/z/work/lux/genesis/configs/zoo-mainnet/genesis.json
• /Users/z/work/lux/genesis/configs/zoo-testnet/genesis.json

Import Procedure (Using Admin APIs)

The import requires two steps:

1. Write Genesis State Spec: Stores genesis allocations in the database
2. Import Chain: Imports blocks from RLP file

# 1. Write genesis state spec (enables import without full state trie)
curl -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"admin_writeGenesisStateSpec","params":["/path/to/genesis.json"],"id":1}' \
  "http://127.0.0.1:9630/ext/bc/<CHAIN_ID>/rpc"

# 2. Import blocks from RLP
curl -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"admin_importChain","params":["/path/to/blocks.rlp"],"id":1}' \
  "http://127.0.0.1:9630/ext/bc/<CHAIN_ID>/rpc"

Verified Import Results (2025-12-25)

Network	Chain	Chain ID	Blocks	Genesis Hash
MAINNET	C-Chain	96369	1,082,780	0x3f4fa2a0b0ce089f52bf0ae9199c75ffdd76ecafc987794050cb0d286f1ec61e
MAINNET	Zoo	200200	799	0x7c548af47de27560779ccc67dda32a540944accc71dac3343da3b9cd18f14933
TESTNET	C-Chain	96368	218	0x1c5fe37764b8bc146dc88bc1c2e0259cd8369b07a06439bcfa1782b5d4fb0995
TESTNET	Zootest	200201	84	0x0652fb2fde1460544a5893e5eba5095ff566861cbc87fcb1c73be2b81d6d1979

Current Network State

Mainnet (Network ID: 1)

• ZAP wire: localhost:8369
• Validators: 5 nodes on ports 9630-9638
• Chains:
  • C-Chain: http://127.0.0.1:9630/ext/bc/C/rpc
  • Zoo: http://127.0.0.1:9630/ext/bc/2iJykKjE7gpWNjGUvGG6fVtj7u5Tbvo89CVCu6gjNPCnEdCVpY/rpc

Testnet (Network ID: 2)

• ZAP wire: localhost:8368
• Validators: 5 nodes on ports 9640-9648
• Chains:
  • C-Chain: http://127.0.0.1:9640/ext/bc/C/rpc
  • Zootest: http://127.0.0.1:9640/ext/bc/9iABHiD4jiXiShpC2eL2P5VFg76kBnLvd5qCxp6iRpjemC89W/rpc

RLP Files (Updated Counts)

File	Size	Blocks
lux-mainnet-96369.rlp	1.2GB	1,082,780
zoo-mainnet-200200.rlp	1.3MB	799
lux-testnet-96368.rlp	695KB	218
zoo-testnet-200201.rlp	156KB	84

Gas Limit Validation Rules

From /Users/z/work/lux/coreth/plugin/evm/header/gas_limit.go:

Upgrade	Gas Limit Rule
Fortuna	state.MaxCapacity() (dynamic, ~10M)
Cortina	Accepts 15M, 8M, or 12M
ApricotPhase1	Accepts 8M or 12M
Pre-Apricot	Parent gas limit ± bound

Import Speed

On M1 Max:

• C-Chain mainnet: ~1,000-1,400 blocks/sec
• Total import time: ~15 minutes for 1M blocks

---

Multi-VM Precompile Integration (v0.4.0)

Overview

The Lux precompile system now provides comprehensive integration with all specialized VMs in the node:

VM	Chain	Precompile Package	Address Range	Purpose
BridgeVM	B-Chain	bridge/	0x0440-0x0445	MPC-based cross-chain bridging
ThresholdVM	T-Chain	threshold/	0x0800-0x0813	Threshold signatures (LSS, FROST, CGGMP21, Pulsar)
ZKVM	Z-Chain	zk/	0x0900-0x0932	Zero-knowledge proofs, privacy, rollups
QuantumVM	Q-Chain	quantum/	0x0600-0x0632	Post-quantum crypto, quantum stamps

Bridge Precompiles (bridge/)

EVM interface to B-Chain MPC bridge operations:

Address	Name	Description	Gas
0x0440	BRIDGE_GATEWAY	Main bridge gateway for cross-chain transfers	100,000
0x0441	BRIDGE_ROUTER	Cross-chain routing	50,000
0x0442	BRIDGE_VERIFIER	Message verification	25,000
0x0443	BRIDGE_LIQUIDITY	Bridge liquidity pools	75,000
0x0444	BRIDGE_FEE	Fee management	10,000
0x0445	BRIDGE_SIGNER	MPC signer interface	150,000

Supported Chains:

• Lux ecosystem: C-Chain (96369), Hanzo (36963), Zoo (200200), SPC (36911)
• External: Ethereum (1), Arbitrum (42161), Optimism (10), Base (8453), Polygon (137), BSC (56)

Key Features:

• LP-333 opt-in signer model (100 max signers, 100M LUX bond)
• 2/3 BFT threshold for signatures
• Daily limits and per-transaction limits
• Liquidity provider incentives

Threshold Precompiles (threshold/)

EVM interface to M-Chain MPC-as-a-service. Per LP-134 (Lux Chain Topology), M-Chain hosts the MPC ceremonies (CGGMP21 / FROST / Corona-gen) that the legacy T-Chain monolith used to host. The implementation lives in chains/thresholdvm/ running in MPC mode; the sibling F-Chain runs the same substrate in FHE mode for TFHE keygen and encrypted-EVM compute. The legacy "T-Chain" name is retained only for teleportvm (LP-6332), which is unrelated.

Address	Name	Description	Gas
0x0800	THRESHOLD_KEYGEN	Distributed key generation	500,000
0x0801	THRESHOLD_SIGN	Threshold signing	100,000
0x0802	THRESHOLD_REFRESH	Key share refresh	250,000
0x0803	THRESHOLD_RESHARE	Key resharing	500,000
0x0804	THRESHOLD_VERIFY	Signature verification	25,000
0x0810	FROST	FROST threshold Schnorr	25,000
0x0811	CGGMP21	CGGMP21 threshold ECDSA	50,000
0x0812	CORONA	Post-quantum threshold	75,000
0x0813	LSS	Lux Secret Sharing	25,000

Supported Key Types:

• secp256k1 (ECDSA)
• Ed25519 (EdDSA)
• BLS12-381
• Pulsar (post-quantum)
• ML-DSA

ZK Precompiles (zk/)

EVM interface to ZKVM for privacy and rollups:

Address	Name	Description	Gas
0x0900	ZK_VERIFY	Generic ZK proof verification	200,000
0x0901	GROTH16	Groth16 verifier	200,000
0x0902	PLONK	PLONK verifier	250,000
0x0903	FFLONK	fflonk verifier	250,000
0x0904	HALO2	Halo2 verifier	300,000
0x0910	KZG	KZG commitments	50,000
0x0911	PEDERSEN	Pedersen commitments	10,000
0x0912	IPA	Inner product arguments	75,000
0x0920	PRIVACY_POOL	Confidential transaction pool	50,000
0x0921	NULLIFIER	Nullifier verification	5,000
0x0922	COMMITMENT	Commitment verification	10,000
0x0923	RANGE_PROOF	Range proof verification	100,000
0x0930	ROLLUP_VERIFY	ZK rollup batch verification	500,000
0x0931	STATE_ROOT	State root verification	25,000
0x0932	BATCH_PROOF	Batch proof aggregation	100,000

Features:

• Groth16 and PLONK proof verification
• Confidential UTXO model with nullifiers
• ZK rollup batch verification
• KZG polynomial commitments (EIP-4844)
• Range proofs for hidden amounts

Quantum Precompiles (quantum/)

EVM interface to QuantumVM for post-quantum security:

Address	Name	Description	Gas
0x0600	QUANTUM_VERIFY	Generic quantum signature verification	75,000
0x0601	CORONA	Pulsar threshold signatures	75,000
0x0602	ML_DSA	NIST ML-DSA	50,000
0x0603	ML_KEM	NIST ML-KEM	25,000
0x0604	SLH_DSA	NIST SLH-DSA (FIPS 205, formerly SPHINCS+)	100,000
0x0610	HYBRID_BLS_CORONA	BLS + Pulsar hybrid	100,000
0x0611	HYBRID_ECDSA_MLDSA	ECDSA + ML-DSA hybrid	100,000
0x0612	HYBRID_SCHNORR_CORONA	Schnorr + Pulsar hybrid	100,000
0x0620	QUANTUM_STAMP	Quantum timestamp verification	50,000
0x0621	QUANTUM_ANCHOR	Quantum anchor verification	50,000
0x0630	BLS_VERIFY	BLS12-381 signature verification	25,000
0x0631	BLS_AGGREGATE	BLS signature aggregation	10,000
0x0632	BLS_MULTI_VERIFY	BLS multi-signature verification	50,000

NIST PQ Standards:

• ML-DSA-44/65/87 (FIPS 204)
• ML-KEM-512/768/1024 (FIPS 203)
• SLH-DSA (FIPS 205)

Hybrid Signatures:

• Both classical and quantum signatures required for maximum security
• Graceful degradation if one fails
• Future-proof against quantum attacks

Directory Structure (Updated)

/Users/z/work/lux/precompile/
├── ai/           # AI Mining (0x0300)
├── bridge/       # B-Chain bridge (0x0440-0x0445) [NEW]
│   ├── types.go
│   ├── gateway.go
│   └── signer.go
├── cggmp21/      # CGGMP21 threshold ECDSA
├── dex/          # DEX precompiles (0x0400-0x043F)
│   ├── pool_manager.go
│   ├── perpetuals.go
│   ├── margin.go
│   ├── vaults.go
│   └── lending.go
├── ecies/        # ECIES encryption
├── fhe/          # Fully Homomorphic Encryption
├── frost/        # FROST threshold Schnorr
├── graph/        # GraphQL query layer
├── hpke/         # Hybrid Public Key Encryption
├── kzg4844/      # KZG commitments
├── mldsa/        # ML-DSA signatures
├── mlkem/        # ML-KEM key encapsulation
├── pqcrypto/     # Multi-PQ operations
├── quantum/      # Quantum precompiles (0x0600-0x0632) [NEW]
│   ├── types.go
│   └── verifier.go
├── quasar/       # Quantum consensus
├── ring/         # Ring signatures
├── Corona/     # Pulsar threshold
├── secp256r1/    # P-256 curve
├── slhdsa/       # SLH-DSA signatures
├── threshold/    # Threshold precompiles (0x0800-0x0813) [NEW]
│   ├── types.go
│   └── manager.go
└── zk/           # ZK precompiles (0x0900-0x0932) [NEW]
    ├── types.go
    └── verifier.go

Cross-VM Communication Flow

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                     C-Chain (EVM)                               │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐    │
│  │                    Precompiles                          │    │
│  │  ┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐ ┌─────────────┐   │    │
│  │  │ bridge/ │ │threshold│ │   zk/   │ │  quantum/   │   │    │
│  │  │ 0x0440  │ │ 0x0800  │ │ 0x0900  │ │   0x0600    │   │    │
│  │  └────┬────┘ └────┬────┘ └────┬────┘ └──────┬──────┘   │    │
│  └───────┼───────────┼───────────┼─────────────┼──────────┘    │
│          │           │           │             │                │
└──────────┼───────────┼───────────┼─────────────┼────────────────┘
           │           │           │             │
           ▼           ▼           ▼             ▼
    ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐
    │ BridgeVM │ │ThresholdVM│ │  ZKVM   │ │QuantumVM │
    │ B-Chain  │ │ T-Chain  │ │ Z-Chain │ │ Q-Chain  │
    │  MPC     │ │  DKG     │ │ Privacy │ │   PQ     │
    └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘

---

Last Updated: 2025-12-31 Version: 0.4.0 Test Status: All packages building